Working of Institutions Class 9 Notes

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Working of Institutions Class 9 Notes covers the role of institutions in a democratic system of governance. The chapter discusses how major decisions are made and implemented in India, and focuses on the three key institutions that play a central role in this process: the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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Working of Institutions Class 9 Notes

How is a Major Policy Decision Taken?

Process Of Taking A Major Policy Decision

It is important to understand the process of issuing a government order and the role it plays in making major policy decisions.

A Government Order

  1. The memorandum introduced a new category of job reservation called Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).
  2. Official Memorandum issued by the Government of India on August 13, 1990
  3. The SEBC (Socially and Educationally Backward Class) category was created in addition to the existing job reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).
  4. The SEBC (Socially and Educationally Backward Class) category was reserved for persons belonging to backward classes and was intended to provide them with a benefit of 27% job reservation.
  5. The memorandum applied to all central government jobs and educational institutions, except for a few exceptions.

The Decision Makers

To issue the Office Memorandum the decision was made by the Government of India, which includes the President and the Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, a body of Ministers of the government.

  • The Mandal Commission, headed by BP Mandal and appointed by the Government of India in 1979, released its report in 1980 containing the recommendation to reserve 27% of government jobs for socially and economically backward classes.
  • Despite this recommendation, it was not implemented for several years, until the Janata Dal party included it in its manifesto for the 1989 Lok Sabha elections.
  • Upon winning the election and forming the government, Janata Dal leader VP Singh implemented the recommendation as Prime Minister.

The events surrounding the Office Memorandum issued by the Government of India on August 13, 1990:

  1. The Office Memorandum was issued by the Government of India and was a contentious issue.
  2. The Office Memorandum was challenged in court and was heard by the Supreme Court of India in the Indira Sawhney and others vs. Union of India case.
  3. The Supreme Court declared the Office Memorandum to be valid in 1992, bringing an end to the dispute.
  4. The Office Memorandum has been followed since then.
  5. Some believed that the Office Memorandum was unfair as it would deny equality of opportunity to those who did not belong to backward communities.
  6. Others felt that the Office Memorandum would provide a fair opportunity to those communities who had not been adequately represented in government employment.

Need for Political Institutions

Political institutions serve important functions in any country and are necessary for the smooth functioning of a democratic government. Here are some reasons why political institutions are important in India:

  1. Political institutions provide a framework for the organization and functioning of the government.
  2. Political institutions ensure the rule of law and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens.
  3. Political institutions provide a mechanism for the representation of different groups and interests in the government.
  4. Political institutions facilitate the resolution of conflicts and differences through peaceful means.
  5. Political institutions contribute to the stability and legitimacy of the government.
  6. Political institutions enable the participation of citizens in the decision-making process through elections and other forms of representation.

Parliament

While the Parliament of India plays a significant role in the decision-making process, decisions are not directly taken by the Parliament. Instead, parliamentary discussions and debates on various issues can influence and shape the decisions of the government. The government may be pressured to act based on the discussions and debates in Parliament. If the Parliament is not in favor of a decision, the government may not be able to implement it.

Why Do We Need Parliament

The Parliament plays a crucial role in the functioning of a democratic government and serves several important functions in India. Here are some reasons why we need Parliament in India:

  1. The Parliament makes laws: The Parliament has the authority to make, amend, or repeal laws through the passage of bills. This is an essential function of the government, as laws are necessary for the smooth functioning of a society.
  2. The Parliament approves the budget: The Parliament considers and approves the budget presented by the government. This ensures that the government’s financial plans are scrutinized and approved by the elected representatives of the people.
  3. The Parliament conducts oversight: The Parliament has the power to hold the government accountable through various mechanisms such as question hour, debates, and committees. This helps to ensure that the government is transparent and accountable to the people.
  4. The Parliament represents the people: The Parliament is elected by the people and represents their interests and concerns. It acts as a link between the government and the people, ensuring that the voices of the people are heard in the decision-making process.
  5. The Parliament promotes democracy: The Parliament, through its debates and discussions, promotes democracy and encourages the participation of citizens in the decision-making process.

Two Houses of Parliament

The Parliament of India consists of two Houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Here are some key differences between the two Houses:

  1. Composition: The Lok Sabha is composed of elected representatives of the people, while the Rajya Sabha consists of representatives of the states and union territories.
  2. Membership: The Lok Sabha has a maximum of 552 members, while the Rajya Sabha has a maximum of 250 members.
  3. Term: The term of office for members of the Lok Sabha is five years, while the term of office for members of the Rajya Sabha is six years.
  4. Powers: The Lok Sabha is the more powerful of the two Houses and has greater legislative authority. The Rajya Sabha has a more advisory and review role.
  5. Speaker: The Lok Sabha has a Speaker, who is the head of the House and presides over its proceedings. The Rajya Sabha has a Chairman, who is the head of the House and presides over its proceedings.

Political Executive

The executive is the branch of government that is responsible for the day-to-day administration and implementation of policies. It consists of various functionaries at different levels who take decisions but do not exercise supreme power on behalf of the people. When we refer to “the government,” we generally mean the executive, which is in charge of the execution of government policies.

Political and Permanent Executive

The political executive refers to the top level of the government that is responsible for the administration and implementation of policies. It consists of elected officials such as the President, the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet.

The permanent executive, on the other hand, refers to the bureaucracy or the administrative arm of the government. The bureaucracy consists of career civil servants who are responsible for implementing the policies of the government. The permanent executive is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the government and serves as a link between the political executive and the people.

Why is the minister more powerful than the civil servant?

Ministers are more powerful than civil servants in a number of ways. Here are some reasons why ministers are considered more powerful:

  1. Authority: Ministers are part of the political executive and hold political office, while civil servants are part of the permanent executive and are not elected. Ministers have the authority to take decisions on behalf of the government, while civil servants are responsible for implementing those decisions.
  2. Policy-making: Ministers are involved in the policy-making process and have a greater say in the direction of government policies. Civil servants are responsible for implementing the policies decided by the ministers.
  3. Control over resources: Ministers control the allocation of resources and have the authority to make budget decisions. Civil servants have to work within the allocated budget and resources.
  4. Political connections: Ministers are often connected to political parties and have political networks that they can utilize to further their agendas. Civil servants do not have such political connections.
  5. Public visibility: Ministers are often in the public eye and are accountable to the people through the legislative branch of government. Civil servants generally have a lower public profile and are not directly accountable to the people.

Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

Here are some key points about the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers in India:

  1. The Prime Minister is the head of the government and is responsible for the administration of the country.
  2. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and is usually the leader of the party or coalition that has a majority in the Lok Sabha.
  3. The Council of Ministers consists of Ministers who are responsible for the administration of various departments and portfolios.
  4. The Council of Ministers assists the Prime Minister in decision-making and is responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies.
  5. The Prime Minister has the authority to appoint and dismiss Ministers and allocate portfolios to them.
  6. The Prime Minister is responsible for coordinating the work of the Council of Ministers and ensuring the effective implementation of government policies.
  7. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

Powers of the Prime Minister

Here are some key powers and responsibilities of the Prime Minister of India:

  1. The Prime Minister is the head of the government and is responsible for the administration of the country.
  2. The Prime Minister is the chief executive of the country and is responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies.
  3. The Prime Minister has the authority to appoint and dismiss Ministers and allocate portfolios to them.
  4. The Prime Minister is responsible for coordinating the work of the Council of Ministers and ensuring the effective implementation of government policies.
  5. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet and presides over Cabinet meetings.
  6. The Prime Minister is the chief spokesperson of the government and represents the government at national and international events.
  7. The Prime Minister has the authority to conclude treaties and agreements with foreign countries, subject to the approval of Parliament.
  8. The Prime Minister is responsible for the defence and security of the country and has the authority to declare war or peace.
  9. The Prime Minister has the power to recommend the dissolution of the Lok Sabha to the President and to advise the President on the appointment of Governors and other important functionaries.

The President

The President of India is the head of state and the first citizen of the country. The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of the Parliament and state legislative assemblies. The President serves a five-year term and is eligible for re-election.

Election of President

To be elected as President of India, a candidate must secure a majority of votes from the electoral college, which consists of Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of the Legislative Assemblies (MLAs). The President is not elected directly by the people.

Powers of President

Here are some key powers and responsibilities of the President of India:

  1. The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces and is responsible for the defence and security of the country.
  2. The President has the power to appoint the Prime Minister and other Ministers, on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  3. The President has the power to appoint judges to the Supreme Court and high courts, and the Attorney General of India, on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Chief Justice of India.
  4. The President has the power to summon and prorogue sessions of Parliament and to dissolve the Lok Sabha.
  5. The President has the power to promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
  6. The President has the power to veto legislation, but the veto can be overruled by a two-thirds majority in Parliament.
  7. The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and respites to persons convicted of offences.
  8. The President represents the country at international events and has the power to conclude treaties and agreements with foreign countries, subject to the approval of Parliament.

The Judiciary

The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the country. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the rule of law and upholding the Constitution. Here are some key points about the judiciary in India:

  1. The judiciary in India is independent of the executive and the legislature and is responsible for interpreting and applying the law.
  2. The highest court in the country is the Supreme Court, followed by the high courts at the state level and lower courts at the district and local levels.
  3. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 34 judges. It is located in New Delhi and has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdictions.
  4. The high courts are the highest courts in each state and are responsible for the administration of justice in the state.
  5. The lower courts, which include the district courts and the courts of the small causes, are responsible for the administration of justice at the local level.
  6. The judges of the Supreme Court and the high courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Justice of India and the collegium of judges.
  7. The judiciary plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the rule of law and the protection of the fundamental rights of citizens. It has the power to review and strike down laws that are unconstitutional.
  8. The judiciary also has the power to interpret the Constitution and settle disputes between different branches of government.

Powers of Judiciary

Here are some key powers and responsibilities of the judiciary in India:

  1. The judiciary interprets the laws and Constitution of the country.
  2. It has the authority to declare laws or government actions that are unconstitutional or violate the fundamental rights of citizens as invalid.
  3. The judiciary settles disputes between different branches of government and between different levels of government.
  4. It interprets treaties and agreements with foreign countries.
  5. The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of citizens and provides remedies for their violation.
  6. It has the power to issue orders and writs, such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, and quo warranto, to ensure the rule of law and protect the rights of citizens.
  7. It reviews and quashes administrative decisions that are arbitrary or unreasonable.
  8. The judiciary has the authority to transfer cases from one court to another and to oversee the administration of justice in the country.

Social Science Class 9 Notes

CBSE Class 9 History

Chapter 1: The French Revolution Class 9 Notes
Chapter 2: Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 Notes
Chapter 3: Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 Notes
Chapter 4: Forest Society and Colonialism Class 9 Notes
Chapter 5: Pastoralists in the Modern World Class 9 Notes

CBSE Class 9 Geography

Chapter 1: India – Size and Location Class 9 Notes
Chapter 2: Physical Features of India Class 9 Notes
Chapter 3: Drainage Class 9 Notes
Chapter 4: Climate Class 9 Notes
Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Class 9 Notes
Chapter 6: Population Class 9 Notes

CBSE Class 9 Political Science

Chapter 1 – What is Democracy Why Democracy Class 9 Notes
Chapter 2 – Constitutional Design Class 9 Notes
Chapter 3 – Electoral Politics Class 9 Notes
Chapter 4 – Working of Institutions Class 9 Notes
Chapter 5 – Democratic Rights Class 9 Notes

CBSE Class 9 Economics

Chapter 1: The Story of Village Palampur Class 9 Notes
Chapter 2: People as Resource Class 9 Notes
Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 Notes
Chapter 4: Food Security in India Class 9 Notes

The CBSE Social Science Class 9 page on https://cbseskilleducation.com is a useful resource for students studying Geography, History, Political Science, and Economics. The page offers notes and other study materials that can help students prepare for exams, including the CBSE and other competitive exams. It is a good idea for students to regularly visit the page and stay up to date with the latest information and resources.

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