Children Health and Safety Class 9 Notes

Children’s health and safety are vital components of their overall development. This Class 9 Physical Activity Trainer topic focuses on understanding health-related issues in children, ensuring safe environments for play and learning, and promoting habits that support physical, emotional, and mental well-being.

Children Health and Safety Class 9 Notes

Understanding Health & Fitness

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has defined health: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Fitness, on the other hand can be defined as a general state of good physical health. Physical fitness is usually a result of regular physical activity and proper nutrition.

Knowledge of Child Health Care and Habits

Hygiene

Hygiene is the practice of keeping yourself and your surroundings clean in order to prevent the spread of disease. Personal hygiene is how you take care of yourself whether it is brushing your teeth, washing your hands, eating right or even sleeping well. Good personal hygiene is the first step to good health. Habits such as washing your hands, bathing, brushing, may all look monotonous and boring, but they all come under important personal hygiene.

Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene:

• Culture
• Social and Economic conditions
• Family
• Personality
• Illness

Benefits of Personal Hygiene:

• Germs are removed from the body
• Bad smell from the body is removed
• Skin health is improved
• Appearance improves
• Boost to self confidence

Best Hygienic Practices

• Regular Hand Washing
• Personal Hygiene Habits
• Brush your teeth regularly
• Have a bath daily
• Trim your nails
• Take care of your hair
• Wear Clean Clothes
• Kill that Body Odour
• Good Sleep
• Clean your ears
• Fight Bad breath
• Care for your feet

Some general Hygiene practices:

1. Washing hands before and after meals with water and soap
2. Washing hands, face and feet after coming from outside
3. Combing and washing hair regularly
4. Taking bath every day
5. Changing clothes and undergarments frequently
6. Cutting hand and foot nails regularly
7. Washing feet before going to sleep
8. Avoid going to bed in daily clothes
9. Washing fruits and vegetables before eating
10. Always carrying a handkerchief
11. Keeping toilets and bathroom clean
12. Using dust bins

General Nutrition

Nutrition is the science that deals with all the various factors of which food is composed and the way in which proper nourishment is brought about. The average nutritional requirements of groups of people are fixed and depend on such measurable characteristics such as age, sex, height, weight, degree of activity and rate of growth.

Nutrition and Nutrients

Nutrition is the process of nourishing or being nourished, especially the process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues. Nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow, it is a substance used in an organism’s metabolism

• To build and repair tissues,
• To regulate body processes and
• To provide energy for day to day activities

• Organic nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins (amino acids), and vitamins, minerals and water.
• The macro nutrients or “big” nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
• The micro nutrients or “little” nutrients are the vitamins and minerals that we need, to be healthy.

There are six groups of nutrients that should be included in the diet.

1. Carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates are the main sources of energy. They provide quick energy to the body and they are not stored in the body for long. There are two types of carbohydrates,

• Simple carbohydrates which are used to provide energy immediately like sugar and jaggery.
• Complex carbohydrates that contain several sugar molecules combined together like bread, cereals (wheat, bajra, rice), starchy vegetables and whole pulses.

Note: Nutrition experts recommend that 55 to 60% of our total calories should come from carbohydrates, preferably from complex carbohydrates.

2. Proteins:

Proteins are the basic structure of all living cells. All meat and other animal products are sources of proteins. The best sources of proteins are egg, milk, meat, poultry, and milk products (cheese, paneer). Protein is the main component of muscles, organs and glands. Experts recommend that approximately 20% of total daily calories should come from proteins.

3. Fats:

Fats are the most concentrated source of energy in food. One gram of fat provides double the energy provided by one gram of carbohydrate. Our body can store fats and work as emergency banks and are called stored energy foods. Experts recommend that that fat should be limited to 10% of the total calories for the day.

4. Vitamins:

Vitamins are compounds of carbon that are absolutely essential for the normal working of the body. There are 13 vitamins needed by the body, the important ones are VITAMIN A, B, C, D, E and K. The sources of vitamin are vegetables, fruits, milk, grain and egg.

5. Minerals

Minerals contain elements needed by our body in small quantity. But these are essential for proper growth and functioning of the body. some of the important minerals are Iron, Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium and Iodine. Minerals are essential in tropical climatic conditions and strenuous physical activity. Supplements of
calcium and phosphorous should be given to children/ young athletes. Water is a nutrient that makes up almost 70% of our body weight.

Water plays an important role in our body

Normally we need 2.5 liters or 8 glasses of water every day to stay healthy. Children and sports persons who are active in sports should drink enough water to replace the water they lose through sweating.

• In the digestive system water helps to break down complex food molecules.
• Water transports food, wastes, chemicals and gases throughout the body.
• It carries waste products from the body through urine and sweat.
• The body is cooled by the evaporation of water in the form of sweat from the skin.

Diet

The term “diet” refers to a regulated eating plan aimed at improving health, managing weight, or addressing medical conditions. Diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or an organism.

Balance Diet

Eating a balanced diet means choosing a wide variety of foods and drinks from all the food groups. It also means eating certain things in moderation, namely saturated fat, trans-fat, cholesterol, refined sugar and salt. A balanced diet must provide the building blocks for growth and repair, and sufficient energy.

A typical balanced diet – A Case

At the age of 11 to 15 years a person with average metabolism would require 2200 to 2500 kcal a day. Calorie requirement of a person depends on age, height and weight, type of work he/she does etc. The body weight increases or decreases based on the difference between the intake and expenditure of calories.

Water is a nutrient that makes up almost 70% of our body weight. Most of this water is in our cells. Some is between the cells and some in the blood. Life processes cannot occur without water. Some of the facts about water and its role in development and maintenance of our body are as follows:

Safe Acts and Safety Measures in Playground

Playground – Safe Condition

It is important to make sure that faulty equipment, improper surfaces, and careless behaviour do not ruin the fun. You can keep the playground entertaining and safe by checking equipment for potential hazards and following some simple safety guidelines.

Adult/ coach supervision

Adult supervision can help prevent injuries by making sure children properly use playground equipment and do not engage in unsafe behaviour around it.

Playground safety

The most important factors in evaluating the safety of any playground are proper surface, design and spacing, and equipment inspection and maintenance.

Here are some points that you need to consider:

• Concrete, asphalt, and blacktop are unsafe and unacceptable. Grass, soil, and packed-earth surfaces are safe because these can cushion a fall.
• The playground surface should be free of standing water and debris that could cause children to trip and fall, such as rocks, tree stumps, and tree roots.
• There should be no dangerous materials, like broken glass, nails, erected rods and twisted metals.
• Check the playground/ activity area in advance and remove the dangerous items from the ground.
• Surfacing mats made of safety-tested rubber or rubber-like materials are safe.
• Rubber mats allow the best access for infants and primary students.
• The cushioned surface should extend at least 6 feet past the equipment. Additional coverage may be needed, depending on how high a slide is or how long a swing is.
• Equipment with rounded edges are safe and not the angular edges.
• Keep first-aid kit available close to the playground.

Playground – Safe Acts

You must know how to be safe and act responsibly at the playground.

• Never push or roughhouse while on jungle gyms, slides, seesaws, swings, and other equipment.
• Use equipment properly — slide feet first, don’t climb outside guardrails, no standing on swings, etc.
• Make sure that there is enough clearance in front of equipment like slides, swings etc. and that children do not linger around when equipment is in use.
• Always check to make sure no other children are in the way if they’re going to jump off the equipment and land on both feet with their knees slightly bent.
• Leave bikes, backpacks, and bags away from the equipment and the play area so that no one trips over them.
• Always wear a helmet while cycle/ bike riding. Never use playground equipment that are wet because moisture makes the surfaces slippery.
• Check playground equipment in the summertime. It can become uncomfortably or even dangerously hot, especially metal slides, handrails, and steps. So use good judgment — if the equipment feels hot to the touch, it is probably not safe or fun to play on. Contact burns can occur within seconds.
• Wear clothes that do not have drawstrings or cords. Drawstrings, purses, and necklaces could get caught on equipment and accidentally strangle a child.
• Wear sunscreen when playing outside on sunny days to protect against sunburn.

Performing Basic First Aid

First Aid means the treatment given to a ‘patient’ till proper medical aid comes. First aid is an important skill. By performing simple procedures and following certain guidelines, it may be possible to save lives by giving basic treatment until professional medical help arrives.

First aid and medical aid

First aid is the emergency care given to the injured or suddenly ill person at the scene by using readily available material. Proper first aid prevents accidents and injuries from becoming tragedies.

Medical aid is the treatment given by, or under the supervision of a physician at a medical facility. Medical is given by qualified professionals.

Objectives of first aid

• Preserve life
• Prevent the injury or illness from becoming worse
• Promote recovery

First Aid – Purpose and Basic Principles

The purpose of First Aid is to preserve life, assist recovery and prevent aggravation of the condition, until the services of a doctor can be obtained or during transport to hospital or to the patient’s home.

Principles:

• Do first things first quickly, quietly and without panic
• Guard against or treat for shock by moving the patient as little as possible 122
• Do not attempt too much
• Reassure the patient and those around in order to reduce tension
• Stop any bleeding
• Give artificial respiration if breathing has stopped

Cuts and bruises

Cuts breaks in the skin caused by sharp objects. They can range from minor scrapes to deep wounds. Bruises is discoloration under the skin caused by impact that breaks small blood vessels but doesn’t break the skin.

What to do?

• Rinse the wound clean with water.
• If the wound is bleeding, then apply pressure to stop the blood flow.
• Use a sterile gauze or bandage to do that.
• Raise the injured part to above the heart level to slow down the bleeding.
• When the bleeding stops, cover the wound, if necessary with a clean bandage.

Heat exhaustion and heat stroke

Signs and Symptoms

• Severe Thirst
• Muscle weakness
• Nausea, sometimes vomiting
• Headache
• Increased sweating
• Decreased responsiveness or loss of consciousness
• Difficulty in breathing What to do?
• Bring the child under shade, undress him and make him lie with his feet elevated
• If the child is alert, use a cold sponge on his head
• Give him sips of cool water or sports drinks
• If he vomits, turn him to the side to prevent choking
• In the case of heatstroke seek medical help immediately

Breathing difficulties

If someone stops breathing, see if the person replies if talked to or touched on the shoulder. If not, call for help – and immediately begin first aid. Perform basic life support for one minute before going for help.

• Place the person on his or her back on the floor.
• Tilt the head, so that the chin is pointing upwards. Do this by placing the fingertips under the jawbone, then lift gently while pressing down softly on the person’s forehead. This is done to make sure the tongue is not blocking the throat.
• If there’s normal breathing, hold the head as described above until help arrives. If there’s no breathing or gasping breaths, start basic life support.
• Keep holding the head in this way while checking for breathing. Look if the chest is rising and falling, or place your ear next to their mouth to listen for breathing and feel breath on your cheek. Only check for 10 seconds.

Cuts

• Bleeding: With all types of bleeding, it’s important to stop the flow of blood as quickly as possible.
• Small cuts: Small cuts in the veins stop bleeding and clot within a few minutes. The area should then be washed, and a plaster placed gently on top.
• Deeper cuts: Deeper cuts in the veins produce dark blood that seeps out slowly and steadily. It can be stopped by gentle pressure on the wound with a sterile or clean cloth, followed by the application of a clean or sterile bandage.

Arterial bleeding

• Arterial bleeding must always be treated by a doctor.
• Bleeding from an artery can cause death within a few minutes – so urgent first aid is essential.
• This type of bleeding pulsates and squirts blood, as the pulse beats. The blood is often a light red colour.

Nose-bleeds

• Nosebleeds occur when one of the small blood vessels in the mucous membranes of the nose bursts.
• Do not bend the head backwards or lie down, because this increases blood pressure in the head and so increases the bleeding.
• Blood may also run into the stomach.

Basic Sports injuries

1. Sprain: A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament. Ligaments are tissues that stabilize and support the body’s joints.
2. Strain: A strain is a twist, pull or a tear of a muscle or tendon.

Treatment for sprains and strains:

Stop activity right away

• Apply R.I.C.E (Rest-Ice-Compression-Elevation) for the first 48 hours: Rest: Rest the injured part Ice pack:
• Wrap an ice pack around the injury, for not more than 20 minutes at a time and for about four to eight times a day Compression:
• Wrap the injury with an elastic bandage in order to support the injury for two days. Elevation: Keep the injured part raised to decrease swelling.
• Signs and symptoms: Pain, Difficulty in moving the injured part, decreased strength, swelling and bruising
• Prevention: Warm up and light stretching before any sports activity. Always wear the correct gear for any sports

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