Employability Skills Class 12

Employability Skills Class 12 Notes – In order to prepare students for the workforce and help them acquire the skills and information needed to succeed in their careers, CBSE Class 12 curriculum includes the teaching of employability skills. The goal of the course is to give students practical training and real-world experience in a variety of employability-related topics, including communication, interpersonal, leadership, problem-solving, time management, and entrepreneurial skills.

For students who intend to continue their education beyond the 12th grade or enter the workforce afterward, employability skills are crucial. The course assists students in acquiring the skills that are crucial and highly desired by employers across a range of industries. Additionally, it teaches pupils to become productive, self-assured, and responsible members of society.

Employability Skills Class 12 Notes

Employability Skills Class 12 Notes

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 MCQ

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Frequently Asked Questions

Q. What employment skills are taught in Class 12?

Answer – Communication, interpersonal, leadership, problem-solving, time management, career planning, and entrepreneurial abilities are among the employability skills taught in Class 12.

Q. Why is it vital for Class 12 students to gain employable skills?

Answer – It’s crucial for kids to study employability skills in class 12 since doing so helps them become ready for the workforce and develop the abilities they’ll need to thrive in their professions.

Q. What types of exercises are covered in the Class 12 Employability Skills course?

Answer – A number of activities are used in the Class 12 Employability Skills course to give students practical training and hands-on experience, including case studies, role-plays, group discussions, and simulations.

Q. How do employability skills help in the entrepreneurship world?

Answer – Employability skills can be helpful in entrepreneurship because they enable people to recognise possibilities, control risks, communicate clearly, and forge lasting bonds with partners and customers. Any company endeavour requires these abilities to succeed.

Q. What advantages do leadership skills have for employability?

Answer – Those with leadership qualities are more employable because they can take the initiative, inspire others, and handle projects well. These skills can help people take on more responsibility and pursue leadership roles.

Q. What role does interpersonal competence have in employability?

Answer – Interpersonal skills are essential for employability since they enable people to form bonds with coworkers, clients, and stakeholders as well as to collaborate with others in a team. Additionally, effective conflict resolution depends on the ability to communicate properly, listen intently, and act with empathy.

Q. How do problem-solving techniques help with employability?

Answer – A person’s employability depends on their capacity to assess difficult problems, recognise obstacles, and come up with workable solutions. Having these abilities can help people think creatively and adjust to changing circumstances.

Q. What role do time management skills have in one’s ability to find employment?

Answer – A person’s employability depends on their ability to prioritise tasks, efficiently manage their workload, and fulfil deadlines. Effective time management are better able to balance their personal and professional life and work more productively.

Q. What role do entrepreneurial skills have in employability?

Answer – Having entrepreneurial skills is important for one’s employability since they enable one to see business possibilities, come up with novel solutions, and run one’s own company. These abilities can support people in following their hobbies and starting their own businesses.

Q. What part do communication skills play in becoming employable?

Answer – Effective communication skills are crucial for employment because they enable people to express their views, ideas, and knowledge. Also, having effective communication skills facilitates teamwork and the development of relationships with clients, stakeholders, and employees. Also, they are crucial for engaging with clients and composing papers, reports, and presentations.

Q. How do teamwork abilities help with employability?

Answer – A person’s employability benefits from having teamwork skills since they enable them to work well with others and establish enduring bonds with others. Effective cooperators are able to delegate responsibilities, communicate openly, and achieve common goals. They are crucial in all kinds of organisations where members cooperate to accomplish a single objective.

Q. What role does problem-solving expertise play in employability?

Answer – A person’s employability depends on their capacity to assess difficult problems, recognise obstacles, and come up with workable solutions. Having these abilities can help people think creatively and adjust to changing circumstances. They are crucial in all occupations where people must come up with answers.

Q. How do time management abilities improve employability?

Answer – A person’s employability depends on their ability to prioritise projects, successfully manage their workload, and adhere to deadlines. Effective time managers are better able to balance their personal and professional life and work more productively. They are crucial in all occupations where efficient time management and meeting deadlines are required.

Q. What role do career planning skills have in employability?

Answer – Career planning skills help people discover their abilities and interests, set career goals, and develop a plan to accomplish those goals, which improves employability. Having these abilities can also assist people in exploring other employment possibilities and informing their decisions.

Q. How do leadership qualities help with employability?

Answer – A person’s employability depends heavily on their ability to inspire and lead people, take initiative, and manage projects successfully. These skills can help people take on more responsibility and pursue leadership roles. They are crucial in all occupations requiring project management and personnel management.

Q. What part do entrepreneurial abilities have in employability?

Answer – Having entrepreneurial skills is important for one’s employability since they enable one to see business possibilities, come up with novel solutions, and run one’s own company. These abilities can support people in following their hobbies and starting their own businesses.

Teachers and Examiners (CBSESkillEduction) collaborated to create the Basic ICT Skills Class 12 Notes. All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Employability Skills as per the board pattern.

Basic ICT Skills Class 12 Notes

Performing Tabulation Using Spreadsheet Application

A spreadsheet programme included in the free OpenOffice Calc  it a part of OpenOffice package. The majority of the capabilities found in commercial spreadsheet tools are present in this user-friendly programme. openOfficeCalc is a piece of software that assists with formula computations and data analysis.

SPREADSHEET APPLICATIONS

Spreadsheet programs have become very popular because of the following features:
• Built-in functions make calculations easier, faster, and more accurate.
• Large volumes of data can be easily handled and manipulated.
• Data can be exported to or imported from other software.
• Data can be easily represented in pictorial form like graphs or charts.
• Formulae are automatically recalculated whenever underlying data values are changed.

CREATING A NEW WORKSHEET

To start OpenOffice Calc:

1. Click Start ➢All Programs ➢OpenOffice 4.1.5 ➢OpenOffice Calc.
2. A spreadsheet workbook named Untitled1 opens up in an OpenOffice Calc application window

Components of a Calc Screen

• Title bar
• Menu bar
• Standard bar
• Formatting bar
• Name Box
• Worksheet tabs

Creating a New Workbook

The steps to create a new Calc workbook are:
Select File ➢New➢Spreadsheet.
Or
Click the New Document drop-down menu arrow on the Standard bar and selectSpreadsheet.
Or
Press CTRL + N.

Saving a workbook

Select Save option from the File menu.
Or
Click the Save icon on the Standard bar Or Press Ctrl + S
If you are saving a workbook for the first time, a Save As dialog box will appear.
2. Type the file name and choose a location to save the file. Notice that the file extension is .ods.

RESIZE FONTS AND STYLES

Selecting Cells

You can select range of cells in any one of the following ways:
• Using the mouse
• Using the keyboard

Using the mouse

To select a range of cells using the mouse, the steps are:
1. Click the cell you wish to start your selection from.
2.Click and hold the left mouse button down, drag the mouse

Using the Keyboard

To select a range of cells using the keyboard, the steps are:
1. Place the cell pointer at one of the corner cells of the range to be selected.
2. Press the SHIFT key and move to the diagonally opposite corner cell using the arrow keys.
3. Release the SHIFT key when the required range has been selected.

Copying Cell Contents

1. Select the cell(s) that contain(s) the data you want to copy.
2. Select Copy option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Copy button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + C to copy the data.
3. Click on the cell(s) where you want to paste the data.
4. Select Paste option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Paste button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + V.

Moving Cell Contents

To move cell contents from one cell to another in Calc, the steps are:
1. Select the cell that contains the data you want to cut.
2. Select Cut option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Cut button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + X to cut the data

3. Click on the cell where you want to paste the data.
4. Select Paste option from the Edit menu.
Or
Click the Paste button on the Standard bar.
Or
Press CTRL + V.

Inserting and Deleting Cells

To insert cells, the steps are:
1. Select the range of cells where you want to insert a block of cells.
2. Select Cells option from the Insert menu.
3. The Insert Cells dialog box appears.
4. Select the appropriate option and click OK.

To delete cells, the steps are:
1. Select the range of cells where you want to delete a block of cells.
2. Select Delete Cells option from the Edit menu.
3. The Delete Cells dialog box appears.
4. Select the appropriate option and click OK.

Inserting Rows and Columns

The steps to insert rows are:
1. Select the row where you want to insert a new row.
2. Select Rows option from the Insert menu.
Or
Right-click the row header and select Insert Rows in the shortcut menu.
A new row is inserted above the selected/highlighted row.

To insert columns, the steps are:
1. Select the column where you want to insert a new column.
2. Select Columns option from the Insert menu.
Or
Right-click the column header and select Insert Columns in the shortcutmenu.

Deleting Rows and Columns

To delete rows, the steps are:

1. Select the row to be deleted.
2. Right-click on the selected row header.
3. Select Delete Rows option in the shortcut menu.
To delete multiple rows, select them using the CTRL key, or by dragging the mouse while holding the left mouse button.

To delete columns, the steps are:
1. Select the column to be deleted.
2. Right-click on the selected column header.
3. Select Delete Columns in the shortcut menu.
To delete multiple columns, select them using the CTRL key, or by dragging the mouse while holding
the left mouse button.

Changing Row Height and Column Width

You can change the row height in a Calc worksheet in any of the following ways:
• Drag the divider below the row (Fig 9).
• To fit the row height to the cell contents, double-click the divider.
• Select Format ➢Row ➢Height. The Row Height dialog box appears. Enter the value for row height in the Height spinbox. Click Ok button.

Changing Column Width

You can change the column width in a Calc worksheet in any of the following ways:
• Drag the divider to the right of the column header.
• To fit the column width to the cell contents, double-click the divider.
• To change the column width, select Format ➢Column ➢Width.
The Column Width dialog box appears. Enter the value for column width in the Width spinbox. Click Ok button.

FILTER AND SORTING

Filtering Data

Based on the criteria you provide, filtering is a quick and simple approach to locate and work with selected data. Only the rows or columns that satisfy the rules or criteria you define are displayed when using the filter feature, which selectively shuts out the data you do not want to see. Filtering merely temporarily conceals the rows and columns you do not want, whereas sorting completely changes the range of cells.

Different ways in which filtering can be done in Calc are:
• AutoFilter
• Standard Filter

AutoFilter
To apply AutoFilter in a worksheet, the steps are:
1. Select cell, say, A1.
2. Select Data ➢ Filter ➢ AutoFilter.
3. A drop-down menu arrows appear in each column heading (Fig 12).
4. Click the drop-down menu arrow for Total Sales and select an item (Fig 13).
5. Only those rows whose contents meet the filter criteria are displayed.

• To display all the records again, select the All option in the filter drop-down menu.
• Select Top 10 to display the highest 10 values.

Standard Filter
To apply standard filter in your worksheet, the steps are:
1. Select Data➢ Filter ➢ Standard Filter..
2. The Standard Filter dialog box appears.
a. You can use the dialog box to connect multiple conditions with either a logical AND or a logical OR operator.
3. Select the options in the Standard Filter dialog box. The records with Total Sales greater than 4000 will be displayed.

Sorting Data

You can organise the data in a spreadsheet in either an ascending or descending order after entering the necessary data and using the necessary formulas. This is known as data sorting. One of the key functions of any spreadsheet software is the ability to sort on both numerical and textual values. Sorting can be done in Calc in the manner described below.

Sorting on One Column
1. Enter data in a worksheet .
2. Select any cell, say C1.
3. Click the Sort option from the Data menu, The Sort dialog box appears. Notice that column Marks appears
under Sort by section.
4. Select the Descending option under Sort by and click OK.
5. The data in column Marks is sorted in descending order.

There is a two ways to short the data in calc

• Ascending
• Descending

Sorting on Multiple Columns
You can sort the data on multiple columns.
1. Consider the following worksheet.
2. Select cell, say C1.
3. Select Sort option from Data menu.
4. The Sort dialog box appears.
5. The Sort Criteria tab on the Sort dialog box has options to sort the data on multiple columns.
6. Select the options.
7. The data is sorted in descending order of column

FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS

Formulas

To compute results using arithmetic operations, formulae are utilized. In Calc, a formula always begins with the equal to (=) symbol. The formula will be interpreted as text and no computation will be made if the = sign is omitted. Additionally, nothing should be written before the = symbol. It will once more be handled as text, and no calculations will be made.

The data in a formula consists of one or a combination of the following:
Value Numeric (e.g., 45) or string (e.g., “Smiling”)
Cell Address B4, A2:C6
Function SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, etc.
Operator +, -, *, /, >, =, etc.
Parenthesis To control the left to right order of precedence in a formula (e.g., = (B2*B3)*2)

Numeric Formulae

In numeric formulae, you have to make use of operators. The results are calculated based on the order of precedence of the operators.

Mathematical Operators Used in Formulae

The mathematical operators used in Calc and their order of evaluation in formulae is given below:

Order of evaluation

1. Any operation contained within brackets will be carried out first
2. Then any exponent.
3. Then follow division and multiplication operations. Multiplication and division are given equal importance. They are carried out in the order they occur in the formula, from left to right. Whichever appears first in the formula is carried out first.
4. After that, addition and subtraction operations are given equal importance. They are also carried out in the order they occur in the formula, from left to right.

Error Results

Sometimes a formula displays an error result rather than a proper value. This happens when the formula or data has a problem and Calc cannot evaluate it.
Some common errors are shown below:

Error Reason
##### The column is not wide enough to display the value.
#DIV/0! The formula contains an invalid operation, i.e., division by zero.
#VALUE! The formula has invalid argument, e.g., text in a cell where numeric value is required.

Text Formulae

A text string or a text value is a sequence of characters. You can join two strings together. This is called concatenation. We use the ampersand (&) character to concatenate strings. For example, if you type = “Keep” &“ “& “Smiling” in a cell and press ENTER, you will see the result as Keep Smiling.

You cannot do operations such as subtraction, multiplication, and division on strings.

Cell and Range References

A cell or a group of cells are identified by a cell reference. The intersection of a row and a column gives each cell in the worksheet a unique address. Cell referencing is the practise of using a cell address in a formula.

Entering A Formula

All formulae in OpenOfficeCalc begin with an equal to (=) sign. A formula can contain number, text, arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /), or functions. The order of precedence is already discussed.
To enter a formula:
1. Select the cell and enter the formula directly in the cell or in the Formula Bar.
2. Press the Enter key.
3. The cell will show the result of the formula and the formula itself. You can see the formula in the Formula bar when the cell is selected.

Using Functions to do calculations

Functions are predefined formulae that perform calculations using specific values called arguments.

The format of writing any function in Calc is:
=function_name(Argument1;Argument2; Argument3;…..)
Arguments These are the values passed to a function so that the function carries out the intended
calculation or manipulation to give results. Arguments can be constants, formulae, or function.

SUM Function

You have already learnt how to find total using the formula. You can also obtain the sum of the values
in a range of cells by:
• Clicking the Sum button on the Formula bar (Fig 26)
• Using the SUM() function

AVERAGE Function

Average function is used to find the average of numbers in a range of cell. For example:
Formula

=AVERAGE(3;6;9)

COUNT Function

The COUNT function is used to count the number of numeric values in a range of cells. For example:
Formula

=COUNT(5;8;14;19)

MAX Function

The MAX function is used to find the maximum of numbers in a given range of cells. For example,
Formula
=MAX(74;102;134)

MIN Function

The MIN function is used to find the minimum of values in the given range of cells. For example;
Formula 
=MIN(74;102;134)

PASSWORD PROTECTION

Your spreadsheet can be password-protected in OpenOffice Calc. You can either put a password on a Calc document or a sheet to safeguard your data. The Tools menu and document saving options both allow for this.

Using Tools menu

The steps to protect worksheet or Calc document using option of Tools menu are:
1. Select Tools menu ➢ Protect document Choose whether to protect Sheet or Document.
2. If you select Sheet, the Protect Sheet dialog box appears. 

3. Type the password in Password text box. Again type the password in Confirm text box. Note that the password is case sensitive.
4. Click OK button

Protecting Calc doument while Saving

You can also protect your spreadsheet with a password while saving the document. The steps are:
1. Select Save As option from File menu.
2. The Save As dialog box appears. Select the drive and the folder where you want to save the file.

3. Select Save with password check box

4. Click Save button.
5. The Set Password dialog box appears. 
6. Enter the password to open. Again type the password in Confirm password text box.
7. Next, click on More options. The dialog box expands 
8. Here, you can give file sharing password. You can select the check box of Open file read-only option, if you want the recipient to only read the file and make no changes. You can also enter password to allow editing.
9. Click OK button. 

SAVING A SPREADSHEET IN VARIOUS FORMATS

Saving in Microsoft Excel Format

If you want to save the file in the Microsoft Excel file format, then do the following while saving:
1. Select Save As option from the File emnu.
2. The Save As dialog box appears. (Fig 39)
3. Change the Save as type to Microsoft Excel 97/2000/XP(.xls).
4. Delect the drive and the folder where you want to save the file.
5. Type the filename and clcik Save button.

Saving in PDF format

The most secure method is to first save the document in the Portable Document Format (PDF) before sharing it. The easiest way to accomplish this is:

1. Click on the Export Directly as PDF icon on the Standard bar. This will export the entire document using the default PDF settings.
2. The Export dialog box appears.
3. Select the drive and the folder where you want to save the file.
4. Type the file name and click OK button.

Employability Skills Class 12 Notes

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 MCQ

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Teachers and Examiners (CBSESkillEduction) collaborated to create the Green Skills Class 12 Notes. All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Employability Skills as per the board pattern.

Green Skills Class 12 Notes

Green Jobs are a concept that was developed to help society and the economy become more sustainable. As was previously mentioned, utilising natural resources wisely for both the present and future generations is the main goal of a sustainable society.

The Green Jobs Initiative was jointly introduced in 2008 by the International Employers Organization (IEO), the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), the International Labor Organization (ILO), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

The first in-depth study on the development of a “green economy” and its effects on the workplace in the twenty-first century is titled Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World.
According to the research, “green occupations” include jobs in agriculture, industry, services, and administration that help maintain or improve the environment. Green employment help businesses and economic sectors eventually reduce their environmental impact to levels that are sustainable.

Green Skills Class 12 Notes

What are the Key Drivers of Green Employment?

Green innovation keeps businesses on the cutting edge while also generating new jobs and preserving existing ones.

Massive amounts of energy, metals, minerals, wood, and agricultural raw materials are mobilised by modern economies. Although certain modifications have been made in recent years to lessen the environmental impact of the global economy, these improvements are still insufficient and might perhaps be overcome by continuous economic expansion.

There is an urgent need to make economies far more sustainable and, as a result, to reevaluate the dominant production and consumption paradigm, especially in light of the looming environmental catastrophe and the threat of climate change. Dematerialization, remanufacturing, “zero waste” closed-loop systems, durability, and substituting efficient services (such “performance contracting”) for the purchase of goods have all been the subject of lengthy discussion and some limited testing, but have not yet been fully realised.

Green Skills Class 12 Notes

Green Jobs

Urban Growers – In large cities, they oversee terrace top gardens where fruits and vegetables are grown. They cultivate fruits and vegetables using environmentally responsible methods. Consumer demand has changed in the present.

Clean Car Engineers – Recent government initiatives to reduce vehicular traffic around Diwali through the “Odd-Even” Scheme speak volumes about the necessity for Clean Car Engineers. These people investigate strategies for preventing car emissions of harmful gases and maintaining clean air for breathing. It is the responsibility of clean car engineers to create sustainable modes of transportation.

Biofuel Jobs – The alternative fuel (Biofuel) sought after to power cars and other machinery without causing pollution. Since gasoline and diesel produce a lot of pollutants, clean fuel is required.

Building Roads with Plastic wastes – Engineers have developed strategies to address two issues simultaneously. Roads can be built using the quantities of scrap plastic that are produced worldwide. This will not only improve the roads on which cars may travel, but it will also address the issue of garbage production.

Solar Cell Technician – Solar energy usage is very popular right now. Solar cell technicians’ expertise and services are required in this situation. It can be difficult to choose a material for the panels that is both inexpensive and sturdy.

Green Skills Class 12 Notes

Solar Panel Engineers & Installer – Engineers and installers for solar power plants are crucial to the efficient design and installation of solar panels that generate electricity.

Wind Energy Workers – To produce power, wind energy is also sought after after solar energy. Therefore, the wind energy specialists would be required to develop the plan.

Wave Energy Producers – Utilizing the energy of ocean waves could be another approach to produce electricity without depleting resources. Since water bodies make up 70% of our globe, this could be helpful in developing a sustainable society.

Water Quality Technicians – The level of water pollution is frightening. Water Quality Technicians are now required to help monitor and treat the water as a result of this.

Rain Water Harvesting Engineers – Building rainwater pits is necessary due to the growing issue of water scarcity. These are experts in designing and building rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) that collect and reuse rainwater in buildings. The RWHS can also be used to raise the level of ground water.

Green Skills Class 12 Notes

Waste Water Treatment Workers – People who are involved in designing and building a system in green buildings to retreat waste water from the same building and reuse it.

Recyclers – Global trash production has increased the requirement for waste separation. It is the recycler’s responsibility to separate and gather recyclable products. Many recyclers today are upcycling the waste materials. The demand for recyclers will rise over time.

E-Waste Recyclers – As technology develops, businesses and industries around the world are threatened by having to dispose of the e-waste they produce. Many organizations are now getting in touch with specialized recyclers that gather and recycle all of the electronic debris.

Sewage Treatment Plants – The process to treat the waste in its impure form at a sewage treatment plant involves human engineering. People involved in the process will also have Green collar jobs.

Eco-Tourism – Eco-tourism is a field that focuses on environmentally sustainable travel, personal development, and socially responsible travel. This includes going to delicate, pristine, and unaltered natural areas.

Green Builders – Green Builders ensure that environment friendly things are used to build houses and buildings.

Green Design Professionals – The experts in green design collaborate with green builders. They lay the foundation for the proposed final design of the structure. Buildings are given artistic appeal by green design experts to make them appear cutting-edge and intriguing.

Energy Auditors – Energy auditors examine the structures, monitor the use of heat, cooling, electricity, and gas, and identify any energy leaks.

Energy Consultants – They help organizations analyze their energy consumptions with aim to reduce the same.

Environmental Engineers – By combining engineering, biology, and chemistry, environmental engineers offer answers to environmental issues. Environmental engineering includes developing techniques to generate public electricity using renewable resources, such as solar street lights, and offering solutions to improve soil quality for greater productivity.

Natural Scientists – It is crucial to track and evaluate how our actions affect the environment as we move toward employing sustainable methods to build a sustainable society. This objective is helped by natural scientists.

Green Skills Class 12 Notes

Working with a Non – Governmental Organisation (NGO) – Working together to build a sustainable and improved society is possible when working with an NGO dedicated to environmental causes.

Environmental Education Teacher – A teacher who accepts the responsibility of educating young minds and fostering acceptance among them to help conserve the environment.

Employability Skills Class 12 Notes

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 MCQ

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Teachers and Examiners (CBSESkillEduction) collaborated to create the Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes. All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Employability Skills as per the board pattern.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Although each entrepreneur is unique, there are several traits and features that have been seen to be shared by successful entrepreneurs over time. Along with characteristics and attributes, each entrepreneur has a unique motivation for pursuing entrepreneurship as well as a unique road to success.

Barriers to Becoming an Entrepreneur

Simply seeing a need or having a concept for how to fill the gap is not a solid enough foundation for starting a new business. Before they develop a business plan, borrow money, or produce the product, entrepreneurs must be aware of the barriers to entry of the industry.

Unsupportive business environment

Due to cartelization, governmental laws, corruption, bribery, bureaucracy, etc., the business climate and ecosystem may not be friendly.

 Market entry regulations

Barriers to venture formation can include taxes, governmental regulations, licensing requirements, environmental standards, and lending requirements. For starting a new business and entering the market, license is frequently necessary. Entry hurdles to the market include tax disadvantages, a lack of property rights, and tax practices that are predatory.

Shortage of capital

Any firm needs capital or finance to develop products or services, arrange the many production components, hire and train staff, advertise and sell, etc. Lack of capital or trouble finding the suitable investor or lender to launch and operate an organization is sometimes a major hurdle to entrepreneurship, particularly in developing nations.

Skilled workforce challenges

Employees form the heart of the business. One of the most crucial but overlooked tasks in a business is to build a skilled employee asset base. Lack of appropriate practical and technical skills, lack of qualified employees, employee turnover, changes in labor laws, increase in employee’s financial expectation etc. create barriers towards entrepreneurship and smooth functioning of the business.

Lack of Entrepreneurial Mindset & Training

Entrepreneurial mindset refers to having entrepreneurial abilities, being eager to start new businesses, being persistent in trying circumstances, and being flexible. It is a hurdle to entrepreneurship if this kind of thinking is discouraged in any culture.

Risk Aversion

Entrepreneurs must choose whether to act so they don’t miss the boat while also being aware that taking quick action could sink the boat. Every business involves some level of risk, so it can be difficult for entrepreneurs to succeed if the people in that nation, region, or culture are risk averse.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Fear as a barrier

Fear is characterized as a negative emotion brought on by the perception of danger, whether actual or imagined. Fear is regarded as an emotion in human psychology since it can help a person avoid disaster while at the same time holding them back.

 Fear of failure

The assumption that everything could go wrong in the business is the basis for the fear of failure. The best way to overcome this fear is to accept that failure.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Fear of the unknown

Entrepreneurial journey is full of ambiguities and uncertainties. It is common to avoid uncertainties and unknown because we fear change. Many people are afraid of losing control and being unable to manage potential outcomes.

Fear of not being an expert

This fear can become a barrier for many budding entrepreneurs. It is the feeling of not knowing enough about your industry or business or product. Many entrepreneurs are not considered experts in their line of business, but still they make important decisions and solve issues everyday within their industry.

Fear of being pushed into uncomfortable situations

Uncomfortable circumstances are those that make you feel afraid. For instance, many people find public speaking to be quite uncomfortable and are afraid of it.

Fear of risk taking

Risk can be dangerous and unmitigated or thoughtful and calculated risk. Dangerous risk is more like gambling while calculated risk is more like strategy.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Entrepreneurial Competencies

Certain expertise, abilities, or personality traits are necessary for entrepreneurial behavior. It is commonly referred to as entrepreneurial skill or qualities. A competency may be characterized as underlying personal traits that lead to efficient and/or exceptional performance in a job. The success of an entrepreneur and the accomplishment of entrepreneurial goals are significantly influenced by their entrepreneurial competencies.

Common Entrepreneurial Competencies

In a study by renowned behavioral scientist David C. McClelland and the Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII), specific abilities were found in successful entrepreneurs who demonstrated exceptional performance. These skills can be acquired in a young entrepreneur through training, experience, and mentoring. These competencies include, among others:

Taking Initiative – It involves taking the initial step toward starting a business and acting.

Seeking and Acting on Opportunity – An entrepreneur is constantly looking for opportunities and is prepared to seize them in the business’s best interests.

Persistence – A successful entrepreneur continuously trying, adapting, and iterating to get beyond challenges that stand in the way of reaching objectives.

Information Seeking – A successful businessperson is always alert to new opportunities, open to fresh ideas, and committed to achieving their objectives. He or she is always willing to seek advice from mentors and professionals in order to make the best decisions.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Concern for High Quality – Successful businesspeople are known to not be content with performance that is above average or ordinary. They hold themselves to the highest standards and then give it their all to live up to those ideals. They put a premium on perfection, and it shows in all they do.

Commitment – Entrepreneurs demonstrate a high level of dedication to their job and choices. An entrepreneur must remain dedicated to their business and their objective if they are to succeed.

Concern for Efficiency – Many business owners are constantly looking for innovative ways to boost productivity. They attempt to develop new techniques with the goal of making work simpler, better, and more affordable.

Systematic Planning – Entrepreneurs who are successful make decisions for the future while keeping the desired outcomes in mind. In order to manage a successful business, they think it is important to create plans that are both pertinent and realistic and to make sure those plans are carried out effectively.

Problem Solving – An entrepreneur views every issue as a challenge and does all in their power to identify the greatest solution. He or she will first comprehend the issue before developing a suitable method to address it.

Self-confidence – Because they have faith in their own capabilities and qualities, entrepreneurs are not intimidated by challenges. They have complete faith in their expertise, competency, and competence, and they are self-assured enough to handle future uncertainty.

Assertiveness – An assertive individual is aware of when, how, what, and to whom to speak. Entrepreneurs are aggressive when making decisions to make sure that the team’s activities and the entrepreneur’s choices are in line with the organization’s goals.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Persuasiveness and Influencing Others – Entrepreneurs must persuade many groups of individuals at various times, including workers, clients, customers, suppliers, and so on. An entrepreneur is able to persuade people to agree with him or her by presenting persuasive arguments.

Effective Strategist – An effective businessperson is capable of developing pertinent strategies that are intended to protect or advance the objectives and goals of the company. When it comes to addressing potential future uncertainties or problems posed by competitors, etc., strategy is possible.

Effective Monitoring – Entrepreneurs make sure that everything is done in their businesses according to their decisions, but they also offer their employees some latitude. They make sure that work is routinely monitored to ensure that the organization’s objectives are met as effectively as possible.

Concern for Employees Welfare – Dedicated, devoted, and loyal personnel have a direct impact on the organization’s performance. A successful businessperson works to advance employees’ interests, aids in resolving issues they face, and fosters a sense of interdependence between management and employees’ interests.

Adaptability – The ability to modify one’s thoughts and behaviours in order to appropriately respond to uncertainty, new information, or altered circumstances is referred to as adaptability. Due to the dynamic nature of businesses, adaptation becomes a survival skill in the workplace.

Decision Making – Being ability to make judgments that, more often than not, determine the future of the business is one of the most crucial characteristics of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs frequently have to make that crucial decision at the proper time while in charge of their business because it will determine how it will develop in the future. Additionally, they must take immediate action after making a decision.

Goal Setting – Goal setting refers to establishing short or long-term objectives, usually along with incorporating deadlines and quantifiable measures to indicate if they have been achieved.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Team Building – Any activity or technique that unites people and inspires them to cooperate as a team is known as team building.

Interpersonal Skills – Each team member’s communication and interpersonal skills must be consistent and clear for the group to operate effectively.

Creativity – Making small adjustments and modifications to ideas and solutions through time is the process of creativity. Entrepreneurs demonstrate creativity by utilizing the design thinking process, considering alternatives, attempting unorthodox methods of doing things, and continuously improvising and iterating.

Risk Taking – There is plenty risk taken by entrepreneurs, but it is calculated risk. They estimate the loss and return of the risk using risk management techniques.

Perseverance – It is essential to have patience, persistence, and the willingness to carry on even if the initial battle is lost. Entrepreneurs must remain steadfast, have patience, and have faith in their goals. The only way to find a solution is to try various approaches and methods.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Negotiation skills – Entrepreneurs must have strong negotiating abilities to succeed in business. A business owner’s ability to negotiate is important in a variety of situations, including dealing with suppliers, closing sales to customers, employing employees, getting investors, etc.

Organizational skills – In addition to planning and prioritizing their everyday tasks, entrepreneurs need organizational abilities to manage teams, delegate, set goals, continuously evaluate, inspire, and lead those around them.

Stress management – Due to their busy schedules, entrepreneurs must learn how to control their stress. This relates to taking regular breaks, preserving work-life balance, establishing realistic goals, interacting with other like-minded business owners, etc.

Valuing service and diversity – Diversity refers to how a company handles its employees in a genuine manner from the very foundations of its business strategy. A business owner must always keep in mind that those who work for them are truly doing their work for them. People of all races, religions, genders, and other distinctions must be treated fairly and with respect in order for them to coexist and advance together.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 12 Notes

Benefits of Entrepreneurial Competencies
• Taking actions to implement your ideas.
• Understanding the need or the problem your offering is fulfilling or solving.
• Strategizing and planning the steps that need to be taken.
• Preparing an action plan and timeline.
• Networking with stakeholders.
• Interacting with customers.
• Gaining and analyzing insights.
• Looking for alternatives and adjusting plans according to analysis and feedback.
• Evaluating and calculating the risk involved.
• Building and motivating a team.
• Being patient and staying motivated to overcome and work around various obstacles.
• Showing the value that the business is creating for stakeholders and customers.
• Gaining the know-how of creating, building, launching, sustaining, managing and growing a business.

Employability Skills Class 12 Notes

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 MCQ

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Teachers and Examiners (CBSESkillEduction) collaborated to create the Self Management Skills Class 12 Notes. All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Employability Skills as per the board pattern.

Self Management Skills Class 12 Notes

Self-motivation is the capacity to complete tasks without external pressure from other people or circumstances. Motivation is the inner need to do something.

Self-motivation is important because
• It increases individual’s energy and activity.
• It directs an individual towards specific goals.
• It results in initiation and persistence of specific activities
• It affects cognitive processes and learning strategies used for completing similar tasks.

Self Management Skills Class 12 Notes

Finding and listing motives

Different authors categorise motivation into different forms, such as motivation based on physiological and psychological demands. Physical urges to quench thirst or satiate hunger are the foundation of physiological drive.

Motivation is also classified as internal or external motivation. In case of internal motivation, an individual
demonstrates a desire to do his/her work without any external reward. External motivation occurs when we feel driven by outside forces, performing an activity either to obtain a reward or to avoid punishment.

Self Management Skills Class 12 Notes

Finding sources of motivation and inspiration

Following are the sources of motivation and inspiration.

• Music – Music is the language of the soul. A good inspiring piece touches every heart and can help create
miracles.

• Books – Books are said to be best friends. They expand our horizon of thinking. They help us visualize the
unknown and unchartered territories beyond our capacities. Books about heroic acts, inspiring lives and stimulating creativity help readers move beyond their routine lives.

• Activities – Engaging in positive and skill enhancing activities keep our spirits high. Competitions, games,
simulations, interviews for various committee positions are found to encourage, motivate and inspire students.

• Expansive thoughts – Thinking and discussing big and positive ideas motivate us to reach our highest potential.

• Living in the present – Being present where we are rather than where we are not, brings in peace and calmness in our life. A calm and peaceful mind can help us achieve wonders. This quality of being aware and conscious of one’s self in present moment is also called mindfulness. Mindfulness helps students to pay attention, reduce stress and helps promote thoughtful approach towards life.

• Dreaming big – Dreaming big is a journey not a destination. Dreaming big helps us to be mentally prepared to take that big leap forward. Only when we aim high, we get motivated to work hard and achieve big things
in life.

Self Management Skills Class 12 Notes

Personality Types, Traits and Disorders

Meaning of personality

Personality is a rather stable collection of characteristics. These characteristics are a combination of emotional, behavioural, and mental traits.
It has been discovered that heredity determines personality independently of environmental factors.

Influence of personality

Every facet of a person’s performance, including how they respond to real-world events, is influenced by their personality. People must make clear goals for themselves and work hard to achieve them. Academic performance may be impacted by behavioural inclinations including stress, anxiety, perseverance, and conscientiousness that are mirrored in personality traits.

Basic personality traits

According to trait theory, an individual’s personality is created by grouping together a variety of observable features. Big Five is one well-liked personality classification. The Big Five, universal characteristics are – 

• Extraversion: Gregarious, assertive and sociable.(Opposite reserved, timid, quiet.)
• Agreeableness : Cooperative, warm and agreeable.(Opposite cold, disagreeable and antagonistic)
• Conscientiousness : Hardworking, organized and dependable(lazy, disorganized and unreliable)
• Emotional stability : Calm, self-confident and cool(insecure, anxious and depressed)
• Openness to experience : Creative, curious and cultured(narrow interests)

Common personality disorders

Following are the common personality disorders. If anyone is identified with these disorders, counselling shall be provided by family members, teachers and counsellors.

• Paranoid – Feeling extremely nervous and worried because you believe that other people do not like you or are trying to harm you.

• Antisocial – Is characterized by a pattern of persistent disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
• Schizoid Is characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and people tend to be distant, detached
and indifferent.

• Borderline – Is marked by an ongoing pattern of varying moods, self-image and behaviour. These symptoms result in impulsive actions and problems in relationships.

• Narcissistic – Is a condition in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for
excessive attention and admiration and lack of empathy.

• Avoidant – Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by feelings of extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticism and rejection.

• Dependent – Dependent personality disorder is a condition marked by an overreliance on other people to meet one’s emotional and physical needs.

• Obsessive – Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a personality disorder that’s characterized by extreme perfectionism, order, and neatness.

Employability Skills Class 12 Notes

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 MCQ

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Teachers and Examiners (CBSESkillEduction) collaborated to create the Communication Skills Class 12 Notes. All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Employability Skills as per the board pattern.

Communication Skills Class 12 Notes

The act of transferring meanings from one entity or group to another through signs, symbols, and semiotic norms that are mutually understood is known as communication.

*The following figure represents types of communication

Learning objectives of Effective communication
1. Development of Interpersonal Skills
2. To express effectively & with maximum efficiency

Communication Skills Class 12 Notes

Active Listening

Active listening is one of the most important abilities for good communication. Building and maintaining connections, resolving issues, streamlining processes, and remembering information like guidelines, procedures, and expectations will all be made easier for active listening.

Why is active listening important in the workplace?

Developing our active listening abilities will benefit us whether we are looking for a new job, aiming for a promotion, or trying to do better in our current position. This soft skill, like critical thinking and conflict resolution, will help us become more valuable.

It helps us build connections.

People feel more comfortable sharing information with us when we are actively listening. People will be more eager to communicate with us frequently when we show them that we have the capacity to really listen to what they have to say.

It helps you build trust.

People are more likely to trust in us when they sense they can speak openly with us without interruption, judgement, or unwelcome interruptions. This is especially useful if we want to establish a long-term working relationship with a new client or business contact.

It helps you identify and solve problems.

You can identify difficulties that other people are having, as well as issues with initiatives, by actively listening to others. The sooner you can identify these problems, the sooner you can discover a solution or formulate a strategy to deal with them.

Communication Skills Class 12 Notes

Four Steps to Active Listening

Active listening requires four discrete steps.

CONTACT—connect with the participant who is contributing; eye contact, open posture, and nonverbal responses.
ABSORB—take in all aspects of the spoken message, implicit and explicit and nonverbal clues. Do not judge or evaluate.
REFLECTIVE FEEDBACK—mirror, reflect, or feedback what you have heard and why the contributor claims to be valid.
CONFIRM—receive confirmation from the speaker that you heard the participant’s message accurately. If not, start the method over again at the beginning by having the speaker restate their view.

Communication Skills Class 12 Notes

Interview Skills

Interviewing is a talent unto itself, one in which our capacity to communicate effectively and engage with the interviewer are elements that are just as crucial to gaining the job as are the credentials included on our résumé.

Interview Do’s and Don’ts

DO’s

What to do before an interview
• Get a good night’s sleep the night before.
• Do research.
• Eat a good breakfast.
• Prepare questions beforehand.
• Know who will be interviewing and learn a bit about their background.
• Know your strengths and put together a list of them.
• Turn off your cell phone
• Prepare a solid list of references

What to do during beginning of an interview
• Do try to sparkle! Use gestures in your conversation. Make sure they are smooth and emphatic.
• Do smile.
• Do make sure you get the interview’s name right and use it a few times in the interview
• Do go to the rest room before you visit the employment lobby. It is
• embarrassing to interrupt an interview, and you want to be as comfortable as possible

What to do during an interview
• Do look the interviewer in the eye. Recruiters place a lot of emphasis on eye contact.
• Do take notes
• Let your achievements speak for you.
• Take a second before answering a question.
• Sit up straight.
• Ask questions.

What to do after an interview
• Do let the interviewer decide when the interview is over.
• Do ask the interviewer when you will hear from him or her again if he or she does not offer the information.
• Drop off a thank you note. Always thank interviewer after you have left.
• Follow up appropriately.
• Create a list of items that you did well and you like to improve on.

Don’ts

• Don’t be late. In fact, plan to be early for any scheduled interview. If you are late or arrive just in the nick of time, the interviewer will start to wonder
• Don’t sit down until you are asked.
• Don’t lean on or put your elbows on the interviewer’s desk. Sit back in your chair, so the interviewer can see more of you. Sit erect.
• Don’t show your nervousness by drumming your fingers, swing your leg, or cracking your knuckles.
• Don’t talk too quickly
• Don’t digress from your points. Answer questions directly.

• Don’t use words you do not know meaning of
• Do not use slang

To teach interview skills in high school, we should follow these four steps:

• Introduce interview skills
• Talk about why good interview skills matter
• Explore what good job interview skills look like
• Group project

Employability Skills Class 12 Notes

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 MCQ

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV

Employability Skills Class 12 Questions and Answers

Unit 1 : Communication Skills – IV
Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills – IV
Unit 3 : Information and Communication Technology Skills – IV
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills – IV
Unit 5 : Green Skills – IV