Physical Education Class 11 Chapter 7 Notes

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Teachers and Examiners (CBSESkillEduction) collaborated to create the Physical Education Class 11 Chapter 7 Notes. All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Physical Education (048) class 11.

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Definition and importance of Anatomy and Physiology

What is Anatomy?

Anatomy is a science that deals with the structure of the body and the relationship between the body parts. The word anatomy is derived from the Greek words Ana which means apart and tomy meaning to cut.

Types of Anatomy:

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the living things, especially the human body. Anatomy is divided into two categories.

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy)

This is the study of the body parts which you can see with your eyes; this gross anatomy is divided into three types.

Systemic Anatomy – It is a study of body systems like muscles, bones or nerves.
Regional Anatomy – It is a study of all parts in one area, like the chest or leg.
Surface Anatomy – It is a study of body features you can see or feel on the outside of the body, like bones under the skin.

Microscopic Anatomy

This is the study of tiny body parts like cells and tissues that can only be seen with the help of a microscope. Microscopic anatomy is divided into two types.

Histology – It is a study of tissues.
Cytology – It is a study of cells.

What is Physiology?

Physiology is a science that explains how the living things work. It tells us how the body and its parts work to keep us alive and healthy. The word “physiology” comes from the Greek word “physis”, which means nature, and “logos”, which means study. So, physiology means the study of natural body function.

Physiology is further divided into sub-parts which are as follows:

Human physiology: This branch of physiology refers to the study of a specific organism, i.e., the human being.
Cellular and systemic physiology: Cellular physiology is the study of the function of cells, while systemic physiology is the study of the function of the body’s systems.

Functions of Skeletal System

The human skeleton is composed of cartilage and bones. The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together.

The human skeleton is divided into two functional parts:

Axial skeleton – consists of the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones.
Appendicular skeleton – is attached to the axial skeleton. It is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The functions of the skeleton include:

This skeletal system provides shape and support to the body.
It allows the body to create movement by forming the frame work of the body, to which the muscles are attached. Movement occurs when muscles contract and pull on bones making them create movement in the joint.
Internal organs of the body like heart, lungs, liver, brain etc. are soft and delicate. The skeleton protects these organs.
The hard substance of the bones also serves as a store house of minerals.
Blood cells are also formed within the cavitation of the skeleton which is known as Haematopoiesis.

Classification of Bones

Bones can be classified on the basis of different categories:

Classification is on the basis of bone tissue.
Classification is on the basis of shape and size.

Classification on the basis of bone tissue.

Classification of bones on the basis of shape and size.

Joints

A joint or articulation (articular surface) is the point where the two or more bones meet and muscles act on them to cause movement. A joint is usually considered movable, but it’s not necessary in all the cases like teeth in the jawbone.

Types of Joints

Properties and Functions of Muscles

Our body moves and works because of muscles. There are three main types of muscle tissues.

Skeletal Muscles

These muscles are attached to the bones.
These muscles are helpful for walking, running and smiling.
Skeletal muscles are also known as striated muscles.

Smooth Muscles

This muscle is found in organs like the stomach, blood vessels and the bladder.
They work slowly and steadily.
They look smooth under a microscope.

Cardiac Muscles

The muscles are only found in the heart.
They are involuntary and never get tired.
They keep the heart beating all day and night.

Structure and Functions of Circulatory System and Heart

The circulatory system is a network consisting of blood, blood vessels, and the heart. This network supplies the tissues in the body with oxygen and other nutrients, transports hormones, and removes unnecessary waste products.

The Heart

The heart is made of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that allows it to act as a pump within the circulatory system. The human heart is divided into four chambers. The two sides of the heart are – separated by a thick muscular wall called the septum.

There are two chambers – one atrium and one ventricle – on each side of the heart. The atria receive blood and the ventricles pump blood.

The human circulatory system consists of several circuits:

The pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs and back to the heart.
The systemic circuit pumps blood to the body and back to the heart.
The coronary circuit pumps blood to the heart.

Structure and Functions of Respiratory System

Respiration is made up of two phases called inspiration and expiration: You inhale (breathe in) oxygen during inspiration. You exhale (breathe out) carbon dioxide during expiration. Respiration includes the following processes

Ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs
Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and blood, sometimes called external respiration
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Gas exchange between the blood and the tissues, sometimes called internal inspiration.

Structure of Respiratory System:

The respiratory system consists of

The nose
The nasal cavity
The pharynx
Thelarynx
The trachea
Bronchi
Thelungs
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm