Physical Education Class 11 Chapter 8 Notes

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Teachers and Examiners (CBSESkillEduction) collaborated to create the Physical Education Class 11 Chapter 8 Notes. All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Physical Education (048) class 11.

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Definition and Importance of Kinesiology and Biomechanics in Sports

Kinesiology: Kinesiology is a study of how our body moves. Kinesiology helps us to understand how our muscles, bones, and joints work together when we play sports or exercise.
Biomechanics: This is a study of movement using science and physics. It helps us to understand how force and motion affect the body during activities like running, jumping, or throwing.

Importance of Kinesiology and Biomechanics in Sports

To improve performance, athletes can move better and faster with the right techniques.

Prevents injuries – If you know the correct method of how to play, then you can stop injuries.
Aids in recovery – After getting injured, these studies help to design better exercises to heal faster.
Better sports equipment – many pieces of equipment are designed based on these principles, like shoes, rackets, helmets, etc.

Principles of Biomechanics

Biomechanics is a study of movement. The basic principles of biomechanics used in sports are

Balance and Stability – This principle helps the athletes stay balanced while moving or standing. For example, a wrestler keeps a low centre of gravity to avoid being pushed over.
Force – Force is a push or pull that starts, stops, or changes movement. Using the principle of biomechanics, athletes apply the force to move themselves or an object. For example, kicking a football or hitting a ball with a bat.
Motion – Motion helps to understand how a body or any object moves. There are three types of motion: linear motion, angular motion, and general motion.
Centre of Gravity – There is a centre point where our body weight is balanced. Athletes who control their centre of gravity perform better, like a gymnast balancing on a beam.

Kinetics and Kinematics in Sports

Kinetics is about the forces that help the body move. like muscle power, gravity, friction, and ground reaction force, etc. Kinematics is about the movement of the body. like speed and acceleration, angles and direction, distance covered, etc.

Types of Body Movements

There are different types of body movement in sports and daily life.

Flexion: Flexion is a movement of the arm or knee, for example, working the knee while running.
Extension: When you stretch your arm or leg back out, for example, kicking the football using your leg.
Abduction: Moving a body part away from the midline of the body. For example, raising your arms sideways like when doing jumping jacks.
Adduction: moving the body parts toward the midline of the body. For example, lowering your arm back down after jumping jacks.
Rotation: Turning or twisting a body part around its axis. For example, rotating your neck to look left or right.
Circumduction: making a circular movement with a body part. For example, swinging your arm in a full circle.
Supination: turning the palm upward or forward. For example, holding a bowl of water using the palm facing up.
Pronation: Turning the palm downward or backward. For example, typing on a keyboard.

Axis and Planes—Concept and Its Application in Body Movements

Axes and planes are basic concepts used when the body is moved in space. For example, cricketers twist their torsos to hit a shot.

Axis

Frontal Axis – Goes left to right, for example, jumping jacks.
Sagittal Axis – Goes front to back, for example, movement when walking.
Vertical Axis – Goes top to bottom, for example, movement like twisting or spinning.

Planes

Sagittal Plane – Cuts the body into left and right halves. For example, walking and running.
Frontal Plane – Cuts the body into front and back. For example, jumping jacks and side lunges.
Transverse Plane – Cuts the body into top and bottom. For example, twisting your body or swinging a bat.