Physical Education Class 12 Chapter 4 Notes | CWSN

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Welcome to our Class 12 Physical Education Chapter 4 Notes on “Physical Education and Sports for CWSN (Children with Special Needs)”. This chapter highlights the importance of inclusive education and sports for children with disabilities.

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Organizations promoting Disability Sports

Sports are important for disabled people. The Paralympics (1960), Special Olympics (1968), and Deaflympics (1924) promote sports for people with special needs. The first sports clubs for the deaf were established in Berlin in 1888.

Paralympics

The Paralympics is a global sports event for athletes with disabilities. The Paralympics are organised by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), founded in 1989 in Germany. The Paralympic has winter and summer games and promotes sports for athletes with physical, visual and intellectual impairments.

Paralympic
© International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Used for informational and educational purposes only. All rights reserved.

a. Physical Impairment

There are eight different types of categories of physical impairment, each and every impairment affecting mobility and muscle function in different ways:

  • Impaired Muscle Power: Impaired Muscle Power is a health condition where the ability of muscles to generate force is reduced due to spinal cord injury, spina bifida, or post-polio syndrome.
  • Impaired passive range of movement: In this impairment, the joint flexibility is limited, meaning the movement in one or more joints is reduced in a systematic way.
  • Loss of limb or limb deficiency: A total or partial absence of bones or joints from partial or total loss due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb deficiency. e.g., amputation, dysmelia.
  • Leg-length difference: Significant bone shortening occurs in one leg due to congenital deficiency or trauma.
  • Short stature: Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and trunk, which are due to a musculoskeletal deficit of bone or cartilage structures.
  • Hypertonia: Hypertonia is marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and reduced ability of a muscle to stretch.
  • Ataxia: Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements. e.g., cerebral palsy, Friedreich’s ataxia, multiple sclerosis.
  • Athetosis: Athetosis is generally characterized by unbalanced, involuntary movements and a difficulty maintaining a symmetrical posture (eg., cerebral palsy, choreoathetosis).

b. Visual Impairment

Athletes with visual impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness. This includes impairment of one or more component of the visual system – eye structure, receptors, optic nerve pathway, and visual cortex.

c. Intellectual Disability

Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour fall under the category of intellectual disability. The IPC primarily serves athletes with physical disabilities, but the Intellectual Disability group has been added to some Paralympic Games.

Special Olympics

Special Olympics is the world’s largest sports organisation for children and adults with intellectual and physical disabilities. One of the major events of the Special Olympics is the World Games. The Special Olympics was officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1988.

Special Olympics
© International Olympic Committee (IOC). Used for informational and educational purposes only. All rights reserved.

Logo and Oath

The Special Olympics logo is inspired by the sculpture “Joy and Happiness to All the Children of the World” by Zurab Tsereteli. The logo is a symbol of growth, confidence and joy among children and adults with disabilities, reflecting the organization’s mission.

Programmes run by Special Olympics around the world

The Special Olympics offers three key events for individuals with intellectual disabilities:

  • Young Athletes Program: Designed for children ages 2 to 7 years, focused on motor skills, hand-eye coordination and overall mental and physical development through sports.
  • Unified Sports Programme: In this event both participants with and without disabilities play together, understanding and fostering friendship.
  • Healthy Athletes Programme: Provides free health checkups in seven areas, including fitness, vision, hearing, dental care, and overall well-being. Physical therapists help athletes improve their health and performance.

Special Olympic Sports Rules/Guidelines

  • Athletes are grouped based on ability, age and sex for fair competition.
  • In this event gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded.
  • Encourages athletes with and without disabilities to complete together.
  • Designed for children aged 2 to 7 years, focusing on motor skills, coordination and play-based learning.
  • Offers a free health checkup.

Deaflympics

The Deaflympics, known as the International Silent Games, began in 1924 in Paris. The name “Deaflympics” was officially adopted in 2001, and the games are held every four years, managed entirely by members of the hearing-impaired community.

The logo of Deaflympics, designed in 2003. The hand shapes, “ok”, “good”, and “great” that overlap each other in a circle, represent the original sign for “deaflympics”. Together, the hand shapes represent the sign for “united”.

international deaf sports community
© International deaf sports community. Used for informational and educational purposes only. All rights reserved.

Concept of Classification and Divisioning in Sports

To ensure fair sports competition between the disabled individuals, disability sports include two key group methods:

  • Classification (Used in Paralympics): In classification the athletes are grouped based on the type and severity of disability.
  • Divisioning (Used in Special Olympics): In divisioning the athletes are grouped based on ability, age and gender.

Classification in the Paralympics

Classification in the Paralympics is managed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). In classification in the Paralympics, athletes are classified into 10 eligible impairments, including physical, visual and intellectual disabilities. Classification includes medical assessment, functional evaluation and competition observation.

Divisioning in Special Olympics

In divisioning in the Special Olympics, athletes are divided based on skill level, like age, gender and ability. The Maximum Effort Rule in the Special Olympics ensures that athletes compete with honesty and full effort during preliminary trials and competitions.

Concept of Inclusion in Sports, its need and implementation

What is Inclusion in Sports?

Inclusion in sports ensures that everyone gets an equal opportunity to participate in sports, including individuals with disabilities. It promotes fairness, accessibility and respect for diversity in education and sports.

Need for Inclusion in Sports

  • Encourage Equal Opportunities: Everyone has equal opportunities to access education and participate in sports, including people with disabilities.
  • Boosts Self-Esteem: It helps the children to boost their self-confidence in their abilities.
  • Improves Social Skills: Improve the friendly environment between those with and without disabilities and also increase friendships.
  • Enhances Academic Performance: Inclusive sports promote discipline, teamwork and focus, which is helpful for academic enhancement.
  • Create a Sense of Belonging: It creates a sense of belonging for disabled individuals and feel accepted and valued in society.

Implementation of Inclusive Sports

  • Role in Family: Families give emotional support and encourage sports participation.
  • Role in School: School must offer a structured sports programme and specialised physical education.
  • Role in Organisations: Special Olympics and Paralympics help to train athletes and organise events.

Measures for Effective Implementation in India

  • Strengthening Right to Education (RTE) to ensure inclusion for all children.
  • Trained the teachers for handling inclusive classrooms.
  • Provide assistive devices like audiobooks, braille textbooks, ramps and other learning aids.
  • Encouraging social interaction between students of different abilities.

Advantages of Physical Activities for CWSN

The physical activities are an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle and can provide significant benefits for CWSN children in all developmental stages.

  • Physical benefits: Physical activity and sport lead to improved physical health. Regular participation in physical education and sport can help them to develop their gross motor and fine motor skills, which may improve their overall performance.
  • Mode of Recreation and Fun: Sports activities for CWSN students can help them overcome this obstacle, providing them with the ability to engage in social interactions, make friends and initiate social skills.
  • Improved Emotional Health: CWSN people have more emotional problems like depression. Participating in regular exercise can be a life-changing benefit by improving mental health and wellbeing.
  • Psychological benefits: Regular participation in sports and physical activities is not just beneficial for the body; it is beneficial for the mind, too.
  • Healthy lifestyle: Children with special needs (CWSN) are at a higher risk of being overweight because they may not move as much due to their disability. It is important for CWSN to take part in physical activity.
  • Behavioural Benefits: Sports and games help the children to learn to practise self-regulation, enhance their decision-making skills, verbal communication by interacting with peers on the sports field, teamwork, etc.
  • Increased Independence: The person with a disability can increase physical activity can lead to more independence and freedom due to improved daily life skills.

Strategies to Make Physical Activities Accessible for CWSN

Children with disabilities in sports and recreational activities promote inclusion, minimise deconditioning, optimise physical functioning, and enhance overall well-being.

  • Communication: Different types of instructional strategies, such as verbal, visual and peer teaching, should be used for performing various types of physical activities.
  • Space: Space for activities should be disturbance-free from noise, heat, cold, texture of floor, audience, etc. It is always better to start with indoor space. Boundaries should be demarcated clearly as the starting point, finishing point, and sitting area.
  • Equipment: Many children face challenges in participating in sports due to a lack of proper equipment and trained professionals; it is the responsibility of schools to provide proper equipment and trained professionals.
  • Graded Activities: CWSN children require guided learning for fundamental motor skills. Teachers can demonstrate movements to help students visualise the action. Videos can also be used. This will help the CWSN students improve their skills.
  • Social strategies: CWSN students should be encouraged to take part in sports they enjoy. CWSN students can observe first others playing and then choose their game. Teachers play an important role in ensuring that the CWSN students feel comfortable when he/she engages with peers.
  • Psychological strategies: CWSN students face psychological barriers that make it difficult for them to participate in physical activities. Children with disabilities can select sports for various reasons: to improve skills, have fun, stay fit, and take on physical challenges.

Physical Education Class 12 Notes 

Physical Education Class 12 Questions and Answers

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